Iraq's vast marshes, reborn after Saddam, are in peril again

In the southern marshlands of Iraq, Firas Fadl steers his boat through tunnels of towering reeds, past floating villages and half-submerged water buffaloes in a unique region that seems a world apart from the rest of the arid Middle East.

The marshes, a lush remnant of the cradle of civilisation, were reborn after the 2003 fall of Saddam Hussein when residents dismantled dams he had built a decade earlier to drain the area in order root out Shia rebels.

But now the largest wetlands in the Middle East are imperiled again, by government mismanagement and new upstream projects.

Fadl, 26, is too young to remember the death and rebirth of the marshes, but he has seen their steady decline in recent years as he has struggled to make a living by fishing the brackish waters.

Upstream electrical dams and irrigation projects have reduced the flow of freshwater, allowing saltwater from the Persian Gulf to seep in.

“The situation is good, it’s just the water is bad,” he said. “Ever since 2012, the water hasn’t been fresh.”

Farming and sewage runoff have depleted fishing stocks, forcing some fishermen to resort to using car batteries and chemicals. The flares of nearby oil wells light up the night sky, but the sweltering, humid region remains mired in poverty.

Facing a lack of employment options, hundreds of young men from the area took up arms in the fight against the Islamic State group, joining state-sanctioned Shia militias.

Posters honouring the fallen crowd traffic circles along the roads leading to the wetlands and line the walls inside a monument honouring those killed by Saddam a generation earlier.

The overwhelmingly Shia region rose up against Saddam’s Sunni-dominated government in 1991 after his crushing defeat in the Gulf War, and the rebels took cover in the marshes as they battled his forces.

The government responded by deliberately draining 20,000 square kilometres of wetlands, turning the area to desert and displacing half a million people.

Andrew Whitley, a former Human Rights Watch researcher who interviewed survivors at the time, described the draining of the marshes as a “large-scale crime against humanity.”

Iraqis who lived through that era speak of a paradise lost.

“The marshes were a state outside of Saddam’s control. The resources were a great boon,” recalls Fadel Duwaish, 84, who was displaced in the 1990s and only returned in 2003.

“The marshes contained a wealth of fish, the wealth of raising water buffalo. You could turn the reeds into paper. All of the marsh was a treasure.”

After the 2003 US-led invasion toppled Saddam, residents dismantled the local dams, allowing the waters to return, and with them the plants and animals on which the community relied.

The revitalisation of the wetland was hailed as a rare success story in a country beset by conflict. But still, today’s marshlands are only around 14 percent of what they were in the 1970s.

Development along the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, particularly the construction of so-called mega-dams under Turkey’s Southeast Anatolia Project, have caused a 40-45 percent reduction in downstream flow in the Euphrates alone, according to a 2015 report from Chatham house, a London-based think tank.

The dams also block silt, depriving the rare ecosystem of life-giving nutrients, according to a UN report.

The marshes were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2016, and there has been talk of exploiting their tourism potential.

Southern Iraq has largely been spared the violence that has gripped other parts of the country, and the marshes were always hundreds of kilometres away from the front lines in the war against IS.

But the weak central government has long neglected the region, and residents complain about a lack of electricity and other basic services.

The 6,000 people who live in the marshes live in thatch huts and barns, relying on fishing and the raising of water buffaloes. Wooden boats ply channels braided through a forest of reeds.

Migratory birds like eagles, shags and pelicans still visit the marshes on their seasonal journeys.

Richard Porter, a longtime researcher of the marshes and adviser to Birdlife International, said the loss of the wetlands would be a “big blow” to several species.

The marsh’s residents brought the wetlands back from the brink after 2003, said Jassim al-Asadi, the managing director of Nature Iraq and a leading advocate for the area. Now, he says the government needs to finish what they started.

“The Iraqi government did not return the marshes to this state - the people brought back the water,” he said.

For the region to continue to survive, he says, the government needs to better regulate the use of water in the arid country and work with its neighbours to prevent the construction of more upstream dams in Turkey and Iran.

He warns that if such construction continues, “that will result in the finishing off of Iraq’s marshes.”