A UN investigation concluded on Wednesday that Israel has committed crimes against humanity during its war on Gaza, including that of "extermination", while saying Israeli and Palestinian armed groups have both committed war crimes.
The independent Commission of Inquiry's report is the United Nations' first in-depth investigation into the events of the war that began in October.
It found that Israel had committed war crimes, crimes against humanity and violations of international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL).
The report noted "a widespread or systematic attack directed against the civilian population in Gaza."
"The commission found that the crimes against humanity of extermination; murder; gender persecution targeting Palestinian men and boys; forcible transfer; and torture and inhuman and cruel treatment were committed," it added.
Israel rejected the conclusions by accusing the UN commission of "systematic anti-Israeli discrimination".
A Hamas-led 7 October attack resulted in the deaths of 1,194 people, according to an AFP tally based on Israeli official figures.
The commission found that in that attack, members of the military wings of Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups and Palestinian civilians committed war crimes, as well as violations and abuses of IHL and IHRL.
There were 251 captives seized, of which 116 remain in Gaza, though the Israeli army says 41 of them are dead.
The Israeli army launched a devastating offensive on the Gaza Strip that has killed at least 37,124 people, according to the Palestinian territory's health ministry.
The unprecedented Commission of Inquiry was established by the UN Human Rights Council in May 2021 to investigate alleged violations of IHL and IHRL in Israel and Palestine.
Since 7 October, the three-member commission has focused on the Gaza war.
"It is imperative that all those who have committed crimes be held accountable," said the commission's chair Navi Pillay, a former UN rights chief and an ex-International Criminal Court judge.
"Israel must immediately stop its military operations and attacks in Gaza.
"Hamas and Palestinian armed groups must immediately cease rocket attacks and release all hostages. The taking of hostages constitutes a war crime."
The commission concluded that members of Hamas, other Palestinian armed groups, and civilians participating in the 7 October attack "deliberately killed, injured, mistreated, took hostages and committed sexual and gender-based violence".
These acts were committed against civilians and members of the Israeli security forces.
"These actions constitute war crimes and violations and abuses of IHL and IHRL," it said.
The commission further said it found "significant evidence on the desecration of corpses, including sexualised desecration, decapitations, lacerations, burning, severing of body parts and undressing".
"Women were subjected to gender-based violence during the course of their execution or abduction. Women and women's bodies were used as victory trophies by male perpetrators."
Many children who witnessed their relatives being killed were "also filmed for propaganda purposes", with the commission finding it "particularly egregious that children were targeted for abduction".
The report said Israeli authorities "failed to protect civilians in southern Israel on almost every front".
In their actions in Gaza, the commission found the Israeli authorities "responsible for the war crimes of starvation as a method of warfare, murder or wilful killing, intentionally directing attacks against civilians and civilian objects, forcible transfer, sexual violence, torture and inhuman or cruel treatment, arbitrary detention and outrages upon personal dignity".
Starvation will affect the Gaza population, particularly children, "for decades to come", the report said, while "the siege it imposed… constitutes collective punishment and reprisal against the civilian population, both of which are clear violations of IHL".
In the West Bank, the commission found that Israeli forces committed acts of sexual violence, torture and inhuman or cruel treatment and outrages upon personal dignity, "all of which are war crimes".
Israel's government and forces "permitted, fostered and instigated a campaign of settler violence against Palestinian communities" in the territory, the commission added.
The report is based on interviews with victims and witnesses conducted remotely, and in Turkey and Egypt, and through studying thousands of verified open-source items, satellite imagery and forensic medical reports, the commission said.
"Israel obstructed the commission's investigations and prevented its access to Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territory," it added.
The report is due to be presented to the UN Human Rights Council next week.